水处理应用
Application of water treatment
与其他传统分离工程相比，反渗透分离过程有其独特的优势：（1）压力是反渗透分离过程的主动力，不经过能量密集交换的相变，能耗低；（2）反渗透不需要大量的沉淀剂和吸附剂，运行成本低；（3）反渗透分离工程设计和操作简单，建设周期短；（4）反渗透净化效率高，环境友好。因此，反渗透技术在生活和工业水处理中已有广泛应用，如海水和苦咸水淡化、医用和工业用水的生产、纯水和超纯水的制备、工业废水处理、食品加工浓缩、气体分离等。
Compared with other traditional separation engineering, reverse osmosis separation process has its unique advantages: (1) pressure is the initiative of reverse osmosis separation process, without energy intensive exchange phase change, low energy consumption; (2) reverse osmosis does not require a large number of precipitators and adsorbents, low operating costs; (3) reverse osmosis separation engineering design and The operation is simple and the construction period is short. (4) the efficiency of reverse osmosis purification is high and the environment is friendly. Therefore, reverse osmosis technology has been widely used in domestic and industrial water treatment, such as desalination of seawater and brackish water, production of medical and industrial water, preparation of pure and ultra-pure water, industrial wastewater treatment, food processing and concentration, gas separation and so on.
海水和苦咸水淡化
Desalination of sea water and brackish water
20世纪60年代以来，反渗透脱盐已成为一种获取饮用水的重要途径，是解决淡水资源紧缺的一种有效方法。目前，反渗透脱盐技术主要应用在两个方面：海水淡化和苦咸水脱盐。
Since the 1960s, reverse osmosis desalination has become an important way to obtain drinking water and an effective way to solve the shortage of fresh water resources. At present, reverse osmosis desalination technology is mainly applied in two aspects: desalination and brackish water desalination.
全世界海水淡化装置中约有30%是利用反渗透技术实现的，通过反渗透膜可除去海水中99%以上的盐离子， [2]  得到可饮用的淡水。以色列的反渗透海水淡化技术比较领先，2005年阿什克伦建造了当时世界上最大的反渗透海水淡化装置，产水量为3.3×105m3·d-1，占到以色列全部水需求量的15%，产水成本约为0.53美元·m-3。我国最大的反渗透海水淡化站位于大连市长海县。
About 30% of seawater desalination plants in the world are realized by reverse osmosis technology. More than 99% of salt ions in seawater can be removed by reverse osmosis membranes, and drinking fresh water can be obtained. In 2005, Ashkelon built the world's largest reverse osmosis desalination facility with a water production capacity of 3.3 x 105m 3 d-1, accounting for 15% of Israel's total water demand and a water production cost of about US$0.53 m-3. The largest reverse osmosis desalination station in China is located in Changhai County, Dalian.
苦咸水在我国北方地区分布较为广泛，含盐离子较多，可通过反渗透技术进行除盐淡化处理，达到饮用水标准。马莲河流域示范工程利用马莲河上游环江苦咸水资源，采用反渗透膜技术，建立1000m3·d-1苦咸水淡化工程，出水水质达到国家生活饮用水卫生标准，有效解决了环县城区5万居民饮水问题。何绪文、姚永毅、孙魏等均对苦咸水进行过反渗透处理的实验研究，系统脱盐率>95%，出水水质优于国家饮用水标准。
Brackish water is widely distributed in northern China, and contains more salt ions. It can be desalted by reverse osmosis technology to reach the drinking water standard. The demonstration project of Malian River basin uses bitter and salty water resources around the upper reaches of Malian River, adopts reverse osmosis membrane technology, establishes 1000m3 d 1 brackish water desalination project, and the effluent quality reaches the national sanitary standard of drinking water, effectively solves the drinking water problem of 50 000 residents in the urban area of Huanxian County. He Xuwen, Yao Yongyi and Sun Wei all carried out reverse osmosis experiments on Brackish water. The desalination rate of the system was more than 95%. The effluent quality was better than the national drinking water standard.
海水和苦咸水淡化是反渗透技术的传统应用领域，目前存在的问题仍然是操作压力偏高，能耗较大，另外海水中的Cl-对反渗透膜也有较大的污染，阻碍了反渗透技术在该领域的进一步推广。目前，低压、低能耗、抗污染、抗氧化的反渗透膜正在积极的研发之中，以便从根本上解决现在存在的问题。
Desalination of seawater and brackish water is a traditional application field of reverse osmosis technology. At present, the problems are still high operating pressure and high energy consumption. In addition, Cl - in seawater also pollutes reverse osmosis membrane, which hinders the further promotion of reverse osmosis technology in this field. At present, reverse osmosis membranes with low pressure, low energy consumption, anti-pollution and anti-oxidation are being actively developed in order to fundamentally solve the existing problems.
纯水和超纯水的制备
Preparation of pure water and ultrapure water
反渗透+混床水处理技术改进了原来的全离子交换制水工艺，运行期间，产水增加，水质改善，大幅度降低了制水成本。此外，许多科研人员均对反渗透+电去离子法制取纯水进行了实验研究，达到了预期结果，证实了反渗透+电去离子法制取高纯水的可行性。通过控制反渗透的级数可制取不同纯度脱盐水。随着反渗透级数的增加，脱盐水的纯度提高，但是出水量减少，水利用率降低，因此，反渗透装置连用一般不会超过二级，通常将反渗透与电去离子技术联用，不仅克服了反渗透出水不能彻底除盐的不足，还可以提高电去离子装置的进水水质，防止电去离子设备损坏，提高整体净水效果。
Reverse osmosis + mixed bed water treatment technology improved the original full ion exchange process, during operation, water production increased, water quality improved, greatly reducing the cost of water production. In addition, many researchers have carried out experimental studies on the preparation of pure water by reverse osmosis + electrodeionization method, and the expected results have been achieved, confirming the feasibility of high-purity water by reverse osmosis + electrodeionization method. By controlling the series of reverse osmosis, different desalted brine can be produced. With the increase of reverse osmosis series, the purity of desalted water increases, but the effluent decreases and the utilization ratio of water decreases. Therefore, the combined use of reverse osmosis and electrodeionization usually does not exceed the second stage, which not only overcomes the shortage that reverse osmosis effluent can not completely desalt, but also improves the electrodeionization. The inlet water quality of the device can prevent the electric deionization equipment from being damaged and improve the overall water purification effect.